Historically, it has been possible to quantitatively analyze individual components from complex biological and environmental samples by combining time-consuming and expensive chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Alternatives to cumbersome laboratory-based processes have been required because real-time monitoring of specific analysis is necessary for medical, industrial, and environmental applications, particularly in the case of in vivo analysis. Electrochemical techniques have been demonstrated to be an appeali- -ng option due to advancements in the miniaturization and construction of electronic components as well as the quick response times they provide. Several commercial devices for the analysis of glucose as well as metals like lead and copper are currently readily available. Understanding and controlling threats to both human health and the environment depend on monitoring toxins in the air, water, and soil. There is an increasing demand for straightforward, quick, affordable, and field-portable screening methods due to this necessity as well as the time and expense associated with the standard analytical chemical examination of environmental materials.
